Chapter 10 Democracy in America

How did John Quincy Adams envision the United States becoming the “freest and mightiest nation in the world”?

He wanted the United States to be the mightiest nation in the world by telling legislation to promote agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, and the mechanical and elegant arts.

How did democrats and Whigs differ in their understanding of American freedom and its relationship to governmental power?

The democrats believed that “the government should adopt a hands-off attitude toward the economy and not award special favors to entrenched economic interest.” In the other hand, the Whigs believed that  “via a protective tariff,, a national bank, and aid to internal improvements, the federal government could guide economic development.

What were the main arguments for and against Indian removal?

The first main argument against Indian removal was that the Indians were hostile when they tried to reclaim “their” land. The second main argument was that the Court  had said that they didn’t own the land, they just had the right to occupy it.

How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crisis demonstrate increasing sectional differences in antebellum America?

These two events increased sectional differences because the Missouri Compromise just a predicament that the United States was going through. Missouri wanted to get in the union but as a slave state and that was just going to ruin the balance of states which was 11 free states and 11 slave states. So to compromise they made Maine a free state. That caused some controversy but so did the nullification crisis. The nullification crisis was when congress imposed a series of tariffs. Then South Carolina nullified it but President Jackson still sent troops to collect taxes . That caused most of the differences.

Chapter 9 The Market Revolution

What were the major social effects of the market revolution?

The major social effects of the market revolution was that Americans were able to communicate from a distance and travel long distances. They were able to communicate from a distance by using the telegraph and communicate using Morse code which is just a bunch of complicated beeps. Americans and other races were able to travel long distances by using their newly found technology, steamboats for the journeys across bodies of water and trains, for journeys across large bodies of land.

How did ideas of American freedom change in this period?

Well women were deprived of their full rights. Women were seen as quiet and nice people who had to stay home and take care of the kids and of the house while the men went off to work. The man was basically the owner of the woman. He had to manage all of her wages if she had a job. Women didn’t feel free and so they wanted to be independent with the same rights as men.

What revolutionary changes did American slavery undergo in this period?

Enslaved blacks and even free blacks were discriminated in every way just because of their color. Free blacks would always get harassed by the white people and their would even be mobs going to their neighborhoods just to harass them. The blacks were excluded from the new economic oppurtunities.

What role did immigration play in the market revolution?

Immigration waves were “infesting” American land and the Americans didn’t like it. To the native-born Americans, the immigrants were just taking up space and making the United States look bad by their addiction to liquor. They were also taking all the jobs for the whites. So the Americans were pissed and they rebelled and protested to limit the number of immigrants coming to America. So immigration didn’t go good in the market revolution.

The Second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses. Explain this statement.

The ministers of the Second Great Awakening took advantage of the oppurtunities of the market revolution and  they started spreading the word. They started raising funds for themselves. It was a contradiction though because the revivalists “railed against greed and indifference to the welfare of others as sins.” But the revivals still thrived in areas caught up in the rapid expansion of the market economy.

Princeton Review Chapter 10 Summary with BOLD Terms

                   The Election of John Quincy Adams 

The congressional caucuses chose their parties’ nominee and once a group of individuals challenged the nomination, that brought on the demise of the caucus system. 

Andrew Jackson was supposed to become the 6^th president of the United States but he was cheated by The Speaker of the House Clay, in which he appointed John Quincy Adams. John Adams then made him secretary of state. That was known as a corrupt bargain. Jackson’s supporters supported states’ rights so all of John Adams ideas to better the nation were rejected.

                     

                    The Jackson Presidency And Jacksonian Democracy

In the next election, Jackson rallied up plenty of people and that was the first known political party, the Democratic party. The first political debate was between Adams and Jackson, in which it got very hostile. Then the Coffin Handbill was released to try to get Jackson out of the election. The Coffin Handbill accused of murdering his own men. Jackson was accused of practicing the spoils system, which is “trading jobs for political favors.”

Jacksonian Democracy was simply benefitting from the universal white manhood suffrage, which was voting rights to ALL white men. Jefferesonian Democracy was basically limiting the power of the central government. Jackson was one of the most criticized presidents of the time and his policies were at fault. The Indian Removal Act speaks for itself. But the mistreatment of the Indians had started way before Jackson, for example the Proclamation of 1763 which had to get rid of the Indians so there could be 4 new colonies right after the French and Indian War. Jackson was focusing a lot on plainly nullification, which is just disobeying laws if you find them unconstitutional. The judicial review is just a review of legislative and executive actions.

The Tariff of 1828 turned bad when Americans started rebelling against it and since Jackson believed in states’ rights so he threatened to send in the troops.

Jackson tried his best to downsize the central government by vetoeing the Second Bank of the United States. Money shortages helped trigger the Panic of 1837.

In slavery, the black people were subjected to the black codes, which were special laws for slaves. Slavery was a big problem and Nat Turner’s Rebellion was a rebellion in which the slaves killed sixty white males.

                   The Election of 1836 And The Rise of the Whigs

A new political party was the Whigs and they believed in activism.

Martin Van Buren became president when there was a major economic crisis.

William Henry Harrison was the first Whig president but he died soon after of pneumonia, and his vice president took over which was John Tyler.

                               Beginnings of a Market Economy

The revolution of transportation caused companies to transport their products world wide and that caused a market economy. Market economy isn’t a safe system, any miscommunication can lead to a hault in production which could effect the economy drastically, that is called the boom-and-bust cycles. The War of 1812 caused the U.S. so they improvised and Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which made it easier to take out the seed in cotton. His inventions promoted assembly line production,which was just assigning one worker one task for the creation of the product. That made things faster. Machine-tool industry made machines that specialized in textiles and transportation.

                                    The North and the Textile Industry

The power loom was created so workers could finish the thread and fabric in the factory. The Lowell system was created to guarantee employees housing. Labor Unions were also created to protect workers rights. It was all a cycle, Clothing Manufacturers would finish the product, Retailers sold the product, Brokers were the middlemen, Commercial Banks lent money.

                        Transportations: Canals, Railroads, Highways, and Steamships

The Erie Canal is a man made canal which helped transportation expand and it was part of the canal era. This helped steamships have shorter and/or easier routes to cover. Another form of transportation was railroads which helped alot for land transportation. To communicate from a distance they used the telegraph and created morse code to communicate with each other.

                                                  Westward Expansion

America tried to copy Great Britains idea of Manifest Destiny and they called it Americas Manifest Destiny, which ment that it was God's plan for them to expand westward.

For a time being, Texas was its own country for a while and they were referred to as the Republic of Texas. They became an independent country after they declared independence from Mexico and after the fight in the Alamo. People also started pouring into California once they discovered gold in there and that was known as the gold rush.

                          Economic Reasons for Regional Differences

There was alot of sectional differences in the United States. The North was industrializing. The South just sticked to farming their crops. And the West was sort of in the middle.

                        The North and American Cities

The middle class consisted of "tradesman, brokers, etc." The working class consisted, obviously, of the working families. Many beneath the working class and the middle class lived near poverty or in poverty. Especially the Irish and the Germans who had come through in the immigration waves.

                                                   The South and the Rural Life

Slaves were always known to be inferior to the whites back then that they had to treat them like children. That was known to be Southern Paternalism. Not all white people had slaves though, like the Yoeman farmers never had ANY slaves at all. Landless whites were also deemed inferior to the rest of the whites.

Religious and Social Movements

The Second Great Awakening was the second religious revival in North America. That was an intense period for evangelicalism. There were religious groups that stopped gambling and outlawed lotteries and prostitution.

The Abolition Movement

Immedialists were whites who wanted slavery abolished immediately. A famous member was William Lloyd Garrison. Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth were all african Americans who were tired of the whites oppression and wanted a change.

Fernando Barragan

     Period 7

Between the settlement at Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of a society quite different from that in England. The colonies differed so much from their mother country, England. They differed from religion, economics, political liberty, and self-government. That was the whole reason that the colonist had emigrated from England, to start a new life with change. The colonist succeeded on separating from the church.  They also were slowly separating from England when they outgrew their mercantilism system. The colonist were determined to be free, to gain their liberty.

Change in religion, economics, politics and social structure illustrates this Americanization of transplanted Europeans. In England, they thought that “the government should regulate the economic activity so as to promote national power.” The colonist didn’t like mercantilism so they stopped it.The colonist felt as if the church was invading in there personal life so they became puritans. William Penn states that Pennsylvania is “a free colony for all mankind that should go hither.” Seperating from the church was there way of liberty.

By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and seperation of church and state. An example of religious toleration was the Maryland Toleration Act. The Maryland Toleration Act is “a law mandating religious tolerance for Christians. It was the first law on religious tolerance in British North America and the Act allowed freedom of worship for all the Christians in Maryland. After a while it was permanently repealed but that was the first act of religious tolerance and the beginning of the seperation of church.

In similar revolution, the colonies outgrew their mercantilst relationship with the mother country and developed on expanding a capitalist system of their own. Mercantilism is the belief in the benefits of profitable trading. Mercantilism was enforced to regulate commercial trading, along with the Navigation Acts.  After the French and Indian War in 1763, the British became victors of worldwide commercial supremacy. So their policies towards changed and that intensified the British and colonies relationship. After everything, the colonist finished with mercantilism and went on to capitalism.

Building on English foundations of political liberty, the colonist extended the concepts of liberty and self-government for beyond those emissioned in the mother country. The Mayflower Compact is the first written document in US History to establish self-government. “That agreement, the Mayflower Compact, is important not only because it created a legal authority and an assembly, but also because it asserted that the governent’s power derives from the consent of the governed and not, as some monarchists known as absolutists believed, from God.” The Mayflower Act gave the colonist the freedom to not be ruled the same way they were ruled in England. Instead of using the consent of God, they are now using the consent of the new government they formed.

In contrast to the well-defined and hereditary classes of England, the colonies developed a fluid class structure which enabled the industries individual to rise on the social ladder. The colonies did differentiate from the mother country England. They changed their religion, econmics, politics, liberty, and self-government. That way they got their liberty from England.

Should people have an alternate identity online? Should we behave online the same way we interact with people offline? If we are online, are we responsible for our own actions and behaviors?

 Well, personally, I wouldn’t have an alternate identity because I cant juggle two personalities. I’m not against it though. Its ok to make an alternate identity because there might be stalkers and pedophiles out there, who search and prey on kids like us. Alternate identities would secure us from them just a bit.

         I think that we should behave the same online and offline. That is because your offline life may interfere with your online life and vice versa. Two different personalities may be hard to manage for an average person, so to keep it simple, it will be better if you just act the same online and offline.

         Yes, we are responsible for our actions online. If we cyberbully a peer to a point where he gets suicidal, then we should be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Cyberbullying should be stopped by banning people from they’re internet rights.

What is your reaction/feelings watching the "Growing Up Online" video? Which character/scenes most resonated/ fit with you?

I was really shocked when I watched “Growing Up Online” because it open my eyes at how cruel the internet can be. Its not hard to use it if you’ve already had some sort of experience but “noobs” are vulnerable for anything. I really didn’t fit into any of the characters or scenes but the one that stood out most to me was the girl who was taking “pornographic pictures.” I don’t know how she was violating any restrictions but I do know that it was unfair to have her erase her website. The internet could be a harsh place if you don’t know how to use it

                       My online experiences have been a wonder. I am mostly on facebook.com and ign.com.  I use facebook to communicate with my peers about local gossip or ask about the homework or simply just talk when we're bored. I use IGN to keep up with the modern technology and see whats the next top device. The way that the internet has shaped my life was that, I met many people from school that I have never talked to in person and ended up being friends with them, online and in person. I also started talking to my girlfriend on facebook, so the internet was awesome for me (:

Policies, Agreements, Court Rulings, etc.

In a society, there always has to be some kind of set of rules. In the 16^th century, there was the Act of Toleration, which allowed freedom to worship to Nonconformists. There was also the Dominion of New England but it failed because the governor was unpopular. In the Edict of Nantes, King Henry tried to promote civil unity but only in a nation of Catholics. In the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, it was a simple act; it concentrated on setting a structure and some form of power. The Half-Way Covenant gave people a form of partial church membership. The Mayflower Compact was signed by the pilgrims. It was made to practice Christianity according to their own will. The Maryland Toleration Act was a law mandating religious tolerance for Christians. The Navigations Act restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.

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Places

In the 16^th and 17^th century, all the places were named and categorized differently. Like when they spoke of Chesapeake, which includes Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The Chesapeake and New England later became one nation.

            The middle colonies consisted of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware. The Lower South consisted of South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia. Even though they weren’t names as that back then, they are now in the present day. Before they’re names were like Massachusetts Bay Colony or Jamestown, which was the first English settlement. Jamestown was founded by the renown John Smith.

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People (Individuals and Groups)

            Throughout the 17^th and early 18ht century there have been individuals and groups of people that have made them selves known for what they do.  Some people make religion bad and some make it better it depends on how you look at it. Like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, They helped people into religion during the Great Awakening.  Roger Williams helped in his any way by making a refuge for religious minorities.  But there are a variety of branches of religion like Puritans, Separatists,  Huguenots, and Congregationalist.  The puritans and the Huguenots are both protestants, the only difference is that the Huguenots are French. The Congregationalists were in colloquial words, hardcore religious people. The Separatist were just evil they criticized the church of England and wanted it destroyed.

            The pilgrims brought over religion from England. There were plenty of religious people like Anne Hutchison but there were more soldiers and more upper rank people who helped built Jamestown, which was John Smith. John was saved by Pocahontas she was part pt the powhatan. John Smith was like Sir Walter Raleigh, they were explorers. I think that if Benjamin Franklin would’ve discovered electricity sooner then things would’ve been much smoother.

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Events

During the colonial times, there was a lot of war and famine. There was a lot of death and disease, most cause by wars and rebellions. Like the Glorious Revolution in England, they overthrew King James because diplomacy failed. So citizens formed a revolution to get rid of him. People always took action before words were spoken which can be a good and bad thing, which caused all the deaths. There was a massive slave rebellion called Stono’s Uprising, it was a well-organized rebellion led by native Africans. These Africans took a stand for themselves to get what they want. The Virginians tried that too, they organized a “protest” called the “starving time”, where people were forced into starvation to remove the English from Virginia. Around 500 people died in this form of rebellion. Another Virginia rebellion would be Bacon’s Rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon. The Virginians took action because they didn’t like the governor’s friendly policies toward murderous Natives. The Virginians took matters into there are hands.

            A similar revolt like Bacon’s Rebellion would be the Pequot War. The difference is tribe killed colonist and this led to a series of unfortunate events for them, which caused the near extermination of the Pequot tribe.  The Native Americans were involved in plenty of wars during the  16^th and 17^th century. Like there first war was in King Philip’s War and is sometimes known as the first Indian war. King Philip’s war was also caused because diplomacy failed. The second Indian war was King William’s war, which was between England, France and American Indian allies. This war was caused by significant tension between war France and some English colonies. I guess war is sometimes necessary but not wanted.    

But death wasn’t only caused by war. There was also the Salem Witch Trials were men and women (but mostly women) were convicted of being witches and they were either burned alive or hanged. Anybody could’ve been accused of witchcraft and executed the next day. The Great Awakening may have helped the people part of the Grant Migration to stop all the unnecessary deaths in the New World.

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Concepts

  America has always had problems with race, gender, class, ethnicity, financial status, and religion. Since the beginning, we were put under the impression that demoralising certain groups of people is a good way to get ahead in life. During the Middle Passage, when slaves were brought from Africa to the New World, some people knew that slavery was going to be a problem. Even after the Civil War, the Black Codes were enforced just so blacks can "know" that white people are somehow better. The Americans just didnt demote blacks of their human status, but they did the same to the natives. Owners that were involved in the Headright System were sometimes granted encomiendas. Natives deserved to be treated like those in the indentured servitude. The natives didnt do anything to be treated the way they were.

  There were many beliefs going on, sometimes they were about religion and sometimes they were about the economy. like evangelicalism, thats were you actively had to inform people about the death and resurrection of Jesus.Or how about Puritanism, which the English Protestants created in the 16^th century. Mercantilism was an economic belief where people theorized that foreign trade was important for the state to prosper.

            Money was always a problem back then even though some may deny it. Tariffs were set on things just to get extra money out of it. People always tried to be part of the Join-stock Company just to get a share of the stock. The financial status always defined the state’s status. There was always different types of colonies like a proprietary colony were the rights were just like the parents state. Or maybe a royal colony, where all the governmental functions were handed back to the crown. That’s were Salutary began, and they wanted to live like the ways in Great Britain